A stone in the bladder that is symptomatic of obstruction.

Calculi are most often composed of calcium. Causes of stone formation can be secondary to abnormal function of parathyroid glands, disordered metabolism of uric acid (gout), excessive alkali intake, or the cause may be unknown.

Bladder stones may cause suprapubic pain and bleeding, and may or may not cause obstructive symptoms. Anuria and acute renal failure occur in complete lower urinary obstruction. A partial obstruction manifests as normal or increased urination. The bladder will be distended, and palpable, and repeated infections occur.

Cystoscopy, voiding cystourethrogram, urinalysis, ultrasound, KUB x-rays, and computed tomography (CT) scan may be used.

Either surgery or instrumentation is used to remove the stone. Infection is treated, pain is relieved, new stone formation is prevented, and renal function is restored.

The severity and duration of obstruction will influence return of kidney function.

• This disease, (condition), only in its active form , has a 3 year presumptive period and shall be granted service connection although not otherwise established as incurred in or aggravated by service if manifested to a compensable degree within the applicable time limits under 38 CFR 3.307 following service in a period of war or following peacetime service on or after January 1, 1947, provided the rebuttable presumption provisions of 38 CFR 3.307 are also satisfied. [38 CFR 3.309 [Disease subject to presumptive service connection], 38 CFR 3.309(a). [chronic disease].

• When evaluating any claim involving loss or loss of use of one or more creative organs, refer to 38 CFR 3.350 of this chapter to determine whether the Veteran may be entitled to special monthly compensation. Footnotes in the schedule indicate conditions which potentially establish entitlement to special monthly compensation; however, there are other conditions in this section which under certain circumstances also establish entitlement to special monthly compensation.